Acids+and+Bases

=Acid and Bases in everyday life=

Definitions and Terms
H^{+} or H_{3}O^{+} ions math O^{2-} \ or \ OH^{-} ions \ determine \ how \ basic \ it \ is math Higher \ than \ about \ 10^{-5} mol L^{-1} math >> math 0^{\degree}C \ and \ 100.0 kPa \Rightarrow 22.71L \\ 25^{\degree}C \ and \ 100.0 kPa \Rightarrow 24.79L math pH=-log_{10}[H^{+}] math
 * **Acid**
 * A substance which in solution produces Hydrogen ions or, more strictly Hydronium ions
 * math
 * **Base**
 * A substance which either contains oxide or hydroxide ion or which in solution produces the hydroxide produces the hydroxide ion
 * math
 * A soluble base is called an **alkali**
 * **Indicator**
 * A substance (usually a vegetable dye) that in solution changes colour depending on whether the solution is acidic or alkaline.
 * **Neutralisation**
 * Reaction of an acid with a base
 * **Salt**
 * Ionic compound formed when a base (alkali) reacts with an acid
 * **Acidic Oxide**
 * An oxide that
 * Reacts with water to form an acid
 * Reacts with bases to form salts (or does both)
 * **Basic Oxide**
 * An oxide that
 * Reacts with acids to form
 * But does not react with alkali solutions (such as NaOH or KOH)
 * **Le Chatelier's Principle**
 * If a system at equilibrium is disturbed, the system adjusts itself so as to minimise the disturbance.
 * **Photochemical Smog**
 * **Acid Rain**
 * Rain that has a higher hydrogen ion concentration than normal
 * math
 * **Molar Volume**
 * The volume of one mole (in the back, on your datasheet)
 * **Ionisation Reaction**
 * Reaction where ions are **created**
 * **pH**
 * As the negative of base 10 logarithm of the hydrogen ion concentration
 * math
 * **Note:** A change in pH of one unit corresponds to a tenfold change in Hydronium ions
 * **Neutral Solution**
 * A solution in which the concentration of hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions are equal
 * **Degree of Ionisation**
 * Fraction of molecules that has ionised!
 * **Concentrated Solution**
 * Total concentration of solute is high (say -- above 5 mol/L)
 * **Dilute Solution**
 * Total concentration of solute is low (say -- lower 2 mol/L)

Acids
>> math Zn + 2HCl \rightarrow ZnCl_{2} + H_{2} math >> math MgCO_{3} + H_{2}SO_{4} \rightarrow MgSO_{4} + H_{2}O + CO_{2} math >> math NaOH + HNO_{3} \rightarrow NaNO_{3} + H_{2}O math > math HCl \Rightarrow Hydrochloric \ Acid, \ STRONG \\ H_{2}SO_{4} \Rightarrow Sulphuric \ Acid, \ STRONG \\ HNO_{3} \Rightarrow Nitric \ Acid, \ STRONG \\ CH_{3}COOH \Rightarrow Acetic \ Acid, \ (Vinegar/Ethanoic \ Acid) \ WEAK \\ math
 * Properties of Acids
 * Sour taste
 * Sting or Burn the skin
 * (in solution) conduct electricity
 * Turn **blue litmus red**
 * React with active metals to produce a salt + hydrogen gas
 * React with carbonates to produce a salt + water + carbon dioxide gas
 * React with bases to produce a salt + water
 * Common Acids

Bases
>> math Ca(OH)_{2} + 2HNO_{3} \rightarrow Ca(NO_{3})_{2} + 2H_{2}O math > math NaOH \Rightarrow Sodium \ Hydroxide, STRONG \\ Ca(OH)_{2} \Rightarrow Calcium \ Hydroxide, STRONG \\ NH_{4}OH \Rightarrow Ammonium Hydroxide, STRONG math
 * Properties of Bases
 * Soapy/Slippery feel
 * Bitter taste
 * (in solution) good conductor of electricity
 * Turn **red litmus blue**
 * React with acids to produce salt + water
 * Common Bases